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AP Bio Chapter 15 -19 Makeup

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 
The different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands are believed to have arisen as a result of natural selection acting on populations of finches that had experienced.
     
a.
convergent evolution
b.
gene flow
c.
the bottleneck effect
d.
geographic isolation
e.
hybrid sterility
 

 2. 
Toads in a particular population vary in size. A scientist observes that in this population, large males mate with females significantly more often than small males do. All the following are plausible hypotheses to explain this observation EXCEPT:
a.
Females select large males more often than they select small males as mates.
b.
Small females are more likely to mate with small males and large females are more likely to mate with large males.
c.
Large males are successful in competing for mates more often than small males are.
d.
Large males occupy more breeding territory than small males do.
e.
The calls produced by large males are more attractive to females than the calls made by small males.
 

 3. 
A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus.
G (gray) is dominant to g (white).
A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below.
In 1980, a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge.

mc003-1.jpg
Figure 1

Looking at Figure 1, during which of the following time periods could the population have been in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus?

I.      1960-1964
II.      1965-1972
III.      1973-1980
a.
I only
b.
II only
c.
III only
d.
I and III only
e.
I, II, and III
 

 4. 
A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus.
G (gray) is dominant to g (white).
A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below.
In 1980, a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge.

mc004-1.jpg
Figure 1.

Using Figure 1,  assume  the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus in 1962.  What percentage of moths in the natural population were white in 1962?
     
a.
2%
b.
4%
c.
8%
d.
20%
e.
64%
 

 5. 
A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus.
G (gray) is dominant to g (white).
A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below.
In 1980, a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge.

mc005-1.jpg
Figure 1.

Assuming that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what percentage of the gray moths that emerged in 1980 was heterozygous?
a.
0%
b.
25%
c.
33%
d.
67%
e.
100%
 

 6. 
A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus.
G (gray) is dominant to g (white).
A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below.
In 1980, a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge.

mc006-1.jpg
Figure 1.

Using Figure 1,  assume  the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus in 1980.  What was the frequency of allele G in the gray moths that emerged in 1980?
a.
0.33
b.
0.50
c.
0.67
d.
0.75
e.
1.00
 

 7. 
A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus.
G (gray) is dominant to g (white).
A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below.
In 1980, a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge.

mc007-1.jpg
Figure 1.

Which of the following is the most likely reason for the observed differences in the frequency of the G allele between 1965 and 1972?
     
a.
Emigration of white moths from the population
b.
Chance
c.
Selection against gray phenotypes
d.
Speciation
e.
Mutation
 

 8. 
In a small group of people living in a remote area, there is a high incidence of “blue skin”, a condition that results from a variation in the structure of hemoglobin. All of the “blue-skinned” residents can trace their ancestry to one couple, who were among the original settlers of this region. The unusually high frequency of “blue skin” in the area is an example of     
a.
mutation
b.
genetic drift
c.
natural selection
d.
sexual selection
e.
heterozygote advantage
 

 9. 
The wing of a bat, the flipper of a whale, and the forelimb of a horse appear very different, yet detailed studies reveal the presence of the same basic bone pattern. These structures are examples of

a.
analogous structures
b.
homologous structures
c.
vestigial structures
d.
balanced polymorphism
e.
convergent 'evolution
 

 10. 
Although the seal and the penguin both have streamlined, fishlike bodies with a layer of insulating fat, they are not closely related. This similarity results from
a.
convergent evolution
b.
adaptive radiation
c.
homologous evolution
d.
coevolution
e.
parallel evolution
 

 11. 
The appearance of a fertile, polyploid individual within a population of diploid organisms is a possible source of a new species. If this individual is capable of reproducing to form a new population, scientists would consider this to be an example of
     
a.
allopatric speciation
b.
sympatric speciation
c.
polygenic inheritance
d.
genetic drift
e.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
 

 12. 
The bones of a human arm are homologous to structures in all of the following EXCEPT a
     
a.
whale flipper
d.
bird wing
b.
bat wing
e.
frog forelimb
c.
butterfly wing
 

 13. 

Some varieties of Neisseria gonorrhoeae are now resistant to penicillin. These varieties of bacteria most probably developed as a result of
     
a.
natural selection
b.
hybrid vigor
c.
coevolution
d.
adaptive radiation
e.
convergent evolution
 

 14. 

Milkweed is a common field plant that produces a cardiac glycoside which, like digitalis, stimulates heart contractions. The synthesis of this compound ensures the survival of this plant species because the glycoside is toxic to most herbivores with a notable exception-the monarch butterfly.
Female monarchs lay their eggs on milkweed and the resulting larvae (caterpillars) feed on milkweed leaves. An enzyme produced by the caterpillars allows them to ingest and store the toxin without ill effects. After pupation, adult monarchs emerge with a conspicuous bright orange and black banding pattern and retain the toxic glycoside in their systems.
Viceroy butterflies are almost identical to monarchs in possessing the conspicuous banding pattern. However, viceroys cannot metabolize or store the toxic glycoside.

Which of the following is the central concept of the situation described above?
a.
Cryptic coloration
b.
Defensive adaptation
c.
Convergent evolution
d.
Polymorphism
e.
Adaptive radiation
 

 15. 

Milkweed is a common field plant that produces a cardiac glycoside which, like digitalis, stimulates heart contractions. The synthesis of this compound ensures the survival of this plant species because the glycoside is toxic to most herbivores with a notable exception-the monarch butterfly.
Female monarchs lay their eggs on milkweed and the resulting larvae (caterpillars) feed on milkweed leaves. An enzyme produced by the caterpillars allows them to ingest and store the toxin without ill effects. After pupation, adult monarchs emerge with a conspicuous bright orange and black banding pattern and retain the toxic glycoside in their systems.
Viceroy butterflies are almost identical to monarchs in possessing the conspicuous banding pattern. However, viceroys cannot metabolize or store the toxic glycoside.

     
The conspicuous banding displayed by monarch butterflies is an example of
a.
polygenic inheritance
b.
polymorphism
c.
divergent evolution
d.
cryptic coloration
e.
warning coloration
 

 16. 

The introduction of antibiotics such as penicillin several years ago was immediately effective in combating infections caused by Staphylococcus. In 1958, however, there were several outbreaks of staphylococcal infections. People with the infections did not respond to treatment with any of the antibiotics and there was a large number of deaths. The best explanation for this situation is that
           
a.
the bacteria reproduced in hosts that were not contaminated with antibiotics
b.
the bacteria from other hosts such as birds, cats, and dogs migrated into human hosts
c.
the bacteria exposed to nonlethal doses of antibiotics quickly learned to avoid them
d.
each generation of bacteria acquired the ability to use antibiotics as nutrients
e.
antibiotic-resistant bacteria survived and multiplied, and these were the forms causing the infections
 

 17. 

As part of an experiment to investigate the effects of cadmium on the hearts and livers of rats, the experimental group of rats receives 5 parts per million of cadmium in their drinking water each day. The control rats are given water from which all cadmium has been removed. For the experiment to be valid all of the following conditions are necessary EXCEPT:
           
a.
The rats should eat the same kinds and amounts of food.
b.
The experimental and control rats should be the same age and have the same body weight.
c.
The rats should be housed under the same conditions of temperature and humidity.
d.
The control rats should receive water fortified with other minerals to make up for the cadmium loss.
e.
The rats should be members of the same species.
 

 18. 

The external similarity of dolphins to sharks is an example of
a.
convergent evolution
b.
divergent evolution
c.
behavioral isolation
d.
geographic isolation
e.
adaptive radiation
 

 19. 

A new species of organism has evolved when
     
a.
the climate of a population's area has changed greatly
b.
a population can no longer interbreed under natural conditions with other closely related organisms
c.
variation has occurred within the species due to mutations
d.
a population has been recently isolated from the rest of the species by a geographic barrier
e.
selection pressures have produced a group of demes
 

 20. 

In a population at equilibrium, thousands of eggs and hundreds of tadpoles are produced by a single pair of frogs. About how many offspring will live to maturity and reproduce?
     
a.
0
b.
2
c.
10-20
d.
100
e.
More than 100
 

 21. 

All of the following conditions would result in a change in the frequency of a specific allele in a population EXCEPT
           
a.
selection against the recessive phenotype
b.
selection against the dominant phenotype
c.
genetic drift
d.
random mating in a large population
e.
mutation of the dominant allele to the recessive allele
 

 22. 

If a particular recessive allele of a gene pair in a population exists at a frequency of 0.4, and the other allele shows complete dominance, the dominant phenotype is seen in what percentage of the individuals in this population?
           
a.
4%
b.
16%
c.
36
d.
64%
e.
84%
 

 23. 
The table below gives both the common and scientific
names of five vertebrates.

mc023-1.jpg
Which two vertebrates are most closely related?
a.
 A and B
c.
B and E
b.
 C and D
d.
A and D
 

 24. 
The term evolution is best described as
a.
a process of change in a population through time
b.
a process by which organisms become extinct
c.
the reproductive isolation of members of certain species
d.
the replacement of one community by another
 

 25. 
Fossil records indicate that between 80 million and 60 million years ago the structure of the
horned dinosaur frequently underwent rapid changes separated by long periods of stability.
This pattern of change best illustrates the concept of
a.
enzyme specificity
b.
gradualism
c.
punctuated equilibrium
d.
use and disuse
 

 26. 
The Hardy-Weinberg principle of population genetics can be applied to a population that can
reproduce only
a.
by budding
b.
asexually
c.
by binary fission
d.
sexually
 

 27. 
Of the following methods of pollination, which onw would result in the least selection pressure for the evolution of colored or odoriferous flowers?
a.
pollination by night-flying bats
b.
pollination by butterflies
c.
pollination by hummingbirds
d.
pollination by wind
e.
pollination by flies and bees
 

 28. 
The evolution of the Galapagos finches from a common ancestral form is thought to have occurred by the mechanism of
a.
convergence
b.
coevolution
c.
parallel evolution
d.
adaptive radiation
e.
sympatric speciation
 

 29. 
All of the following factors may be involved in sympatric speciation EXCEPT
a.
poliyploidy
b.
habitat isolation
c.
geographic isolation
d.
host-specificity
e.
sexual imprinting
 

 30. 
In their similaries, the wing of a butterflyand the wing of a bat exemplify
a.
parallel evolution
b.
divergent evolution
c.
convergent evolution
d.
adaptive radiation
e.
coevolution
 

 31. 
The evolution of species B, C, D, E, and F from A looks like an example of

mc031-1.jpg
a.
adaptive radiation
c.
convergent evolution
b.
parallel evolution
d.
polyploid speciation
 

 32. 
A group of organisms that are behaviorally and morphologically (shape) similar, share a common gene pool, and inhabit a specified small, local geographic area is called a
a.
deme
b.
family
c.
species
d.
population
e.
community
 

 33. 
Suppose a characteristic of a species varies gradually from one end of the species range to the other.  This would be a example of
a.
polymorphism
b.
polyploidy
c.
genetic drift
d.
a cline
e.
a deme
 

 34. 
Phylogeny is the study of
a.
fossils
b.
the names of organisms
c.
extinctions, speciations, and evolutionary history
d.
reproductive isolating mechanisms
e.
convergent evolution
 

 35. 
Two species are not closely related, yet they are superficially similar in structure.  This probably results from
a.
convergent evolution
b.
parallel evolution
c.
divergent evolution
d.
adaptive radiation
e.
character displacement
 

 36. 
Two species of narrowmouth toads (genus Gastrophryne) live in the southern and central United States.  Their ranges are largely allopatric, but do partly overlap.  Mating call s of the two species are different and are the main method for species recognition.  When biologists examined recordings of their vocalizations, they discovered that the differences between the mating calls of the two species are more pronounced in the region of overlap, when compared to those animals fro regions of allopatry.  This general phenomenon is called
a.
sibling species
b.
subspecies (or races)
c.
character displacement
d.
sympatric speciation
 

 37. 
The legs of lizard and the legs of a cockroach are
a.
analogous
b.
homologous
 

 38. 
When bacteria are placed on a medium containing an antibiotic, most will die.  A few, however, may survive and grow to form antibiotic resistance colonies.  How do these colonies arise.
a.
the antibiotic causes a mutation to occur that allows the bacteria to destroy the antibiotic
b.
A few bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic before it is administered
c.
A few bacteria develop immunity by producing antibodies that destroy antibiotics.
d.
Bacteria evolve more rapidly than eukaryotes because they use a Lamarkian rather than a Darwinian system.
 

 39. 
An individual’s fitness is determined by its
a.
ability to compete for limited resources
b.
resistance to diseases
c.
ability to escape predators and avoid parasites
d.
physical strength and hardiness
e.
success in contributing genes to future generations
 

 40. 
If two poisonous or distasteful sympatric populations develop similar coloration and morphology by convergent evolution, it is called
a.
adaptive radiation
b.
speciation
c.
a Batesian mimic
d.
a Mullerian mimic
e.
character displacement
 



 
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